The National Liberation Party has announced it will vote against Costa Rica’s proposed electricity market harmonization bill, a decision that effectively blocks one of the Fernández administration’s most important economic reform efforts and leaves the future of our country’s energy model in doubt.
The bill, filed as expediente 23.414 under the name Ley de Armonización del Sistema Eléctrico Nacional, was scheduled for discussion in the Legislative Assembly this week. It seeks to reshape Costa Rica’s electricity system by opening more space for public, private, cooperative and mixed actors to participate in power generation and commercialization under state regulation.
The PLN’s opposition is decisive because the reform needs 38 votes in second debate. With the PLN’s 17 lawmakers now opposed, and Frente Amplio and lawmaker Claudia Dobles also against the proposal, the government no longer appears to have a path to the supermajority needed for final approval.
The move is politically awkward for the PLN. The current version of the bill did not come only from the government. The substitute text now under discussion was developed or pushed by PLN lawmakers during the previous 2022–2026 legislative period, making the party’s reversal one of the most striking parts of the debate.
PLN lawmakers said they support modernizing the electricity sector, but not under the terms of the current bill. Party leaders argue that the proposal would weaken the Costa Rican Electricity Institute, known as ICE, break the solidarity principle that has long shaped Costa Rica’s electricity model, and create benefits for large consumers while leaving households and small businesses exposed to higher costs.
The proposal’s defenders see it differently. The bill would create a National Electricity Market and transfer market coordination to a new body known as Ecosen, operating under the oversight of MINAE and ARESEP. Supporters say that model would bring more competition, improve planning, expand renewable generation and help lower costs over time.
Business groups have warned that shelving the reform would hurt Costa Rica’s competitiveness. The Chamber of Industries called the PLN’s position a setback for efforts to modernize the electricity system, lower tariffs and expand renewable energy supply. The chamber also noted that the substitute text had been promoted by the PLN in the previous legislature.
The foreign investment angle is central. Free zone companies have pushed for approval of the reform, arguing that Costa Rica needs a stronger and more competitive electricity system to attract new investment. AZOFRAS has said electricity costs and energy reliability affect productivity, competitiveness and foreign direct investment, especially in sectors that require stable high-quality power.
That concern comes as Costa Rica competes for higher-value investment in life sciences, advanced services and precision manufacturing. CINDE reported that in 2025 it attracted 19 new foreign direct investment projects and 48 reinvestments, while the OECD has noted that foreign firms in Costa Rica tend to pay higher wages, show higher productivity and contribute strongly to exports.
The debate also lands at a sensitive moment for Costa Rica’s energy security. In 2024, drought linked to El Niño pushed our country toward electricity rationing, with ICE citing critical reservoir levels and rising demand. Reuters reported at the time that Costa Rica normally depends heavily on hydroelectric generation and that January electricity consumption had risen 9% from the previous year.
Regional politics have added another complication. Panama recently suspended electricity sales to Costa Rica amid a trade dispute, though ICE said Costa Rica currently has enough resources to meet national demand and does not have firm power purchase contracts with Panama for the rest of 2026.
The PLN says it will present its own emergency and energy security bill aimed at preventing rationing, limiting tariff spikes, speeding up renewable generation, strengthening transmission and supporting energy storage. That alternative may become the next battlefield in the wider fight over how far Costa Rica should go in opening its electricity market.
As of now, the PLN’s decision leaves the government’s reform close to collapse. It also leaves Costa Rica with the same unresolved question that has shadowed our country’s energy debate for years: how to protect ICE and the public-service model while giving investors, industries and consumers the reliable, competitive electricity supply the economy increasingly needs.
